• • • • Ground settlement Ground settlement - managing the effects of tunnelling Settlement is the technical term given to the way the ground moves around a hole after it has been dug out. Digging tunnels, shafts and basements always causes small movements in the ground. This is true of Crossrail’s tunnelling works and significant effort was made to limit the effects of this movement on buildings that sit above our tunnels. Our work was conducted to create as little settlement as possible. We did this firstly by controlling the way that we carried out the tunnelling and then, where necessary, by treating the ground so that it was less likely to move. One effective way of treating the ground is by using ‘compensation grouting’. During construction extensive use was made of compensation grouting, a well-established technique employed on tunnelling projects around the world to minimise settlement.

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It works by injecting a cement-like substance, called grout, into the ground to firm up the area where settlement is expected to occur. Even with these measures, some level of settlement was inevitable although the amount of settlement on the Crossrail project has generally been lower than anticipated. Our approach to dealing with buildings affected by settlement is set out in Crossrail Information Paper D12 – Settlement.

This includes a commitment to repair damage caused by our tunnelling works. In line with this policy we surveyed thousands of properties near our tunnels before tunnelling started.

These surveys are known as pre-construction surveys and allowed us to record existing defects. Now that ground movement resulting from our tunnelling works has stopped we are in a position to conduct follow up (post-construction) surveys if required and to understand whether we need to repair damage our works have caused. If your property had a pre-construction survey and you believe that damage has since occurred as a result of our works you may be entitled to a post-construction survey in line with our settlement policy. You should contact our helpdesk on 0345 602 3813.

If your property was not subject to a pre-construction survey, or you don’t know whether a pre-construction survey was conducted, but you believe that our works have caused damage, please also contact the helpdesk. Ferrari Edition Traffic Assist Pro 7929 Tmc Update To Windows. Such claims are likely to be dealt with in line our standard.

1 GENERAL This document shall be used as a guideline for the processes involved with and the use of the Main Roads Survey and Mapping Standard. Settlement Monitoring surveys are performed to determine the degree of horizontal and vertical displacement of structures, pavements and embankments over a defined period. Severe pavement damage and structural failure can be a direct result of settlement and therefore it is critical that movement outside the design tolerances are detected and measured. The Senior Engineering Surveyor is available to assist with the development and implementation of a monitoring system to suit individual requirements. 2 MONITORING OF SETTLEMENT FOR ROAD PAVEMENTS 2.1 General This activity is performed on road where experience has shown that pavement could be subject to excessive movement as a result of the road location, its foundations, amount of traffic and other factors which may now be different from those which the road was designed for. The need to monitor pavement may also develop with time, as factors such as climate change, water table variations, traffic density changes, soil compaction, changes in soil foundation type, all take effect. 2.2 Survey Requirements and Datum Unless specified, all survey work will be undertaken in accordance with Mainroads Survey and Mapping Standard.

All work will be requested to be lodged on a Mainroads approved project grid which is based upon the Geocentric Datum of Australia 1994(GDA 94) and Australian Height Datum 1971 (AHD). A stable control network will be required to be established to Main Roads Survey and Mapping Standard such that ongoing (year to year) use of such marks will be possible. Appropriate survey equipment to enable vertical movements of +/- 3mm to be detected, should be utilised. Sight distances from instrument to measurement points should thus be kept to less than 130 metres. Verification of the monitoring control network(in X,Y,Z) must be undertaken before each epoch of measurements and any destroyed or inaccessible marks should be replaced if required. Results of the survey undertaken should be presented in Excel spreadsheet format as shown at Appendix C of the Standard such that subsequent epochs can be added and movement trends observed. 3 MONITORING OF SETTLEMENT FOR STRUCTURES 3.1 General Most high use structures require either initial or ongoing monitoring to determine whether displacements outside design tolerances are occurring. The frequency and type of monitoring will depend upon factors such as structure age, type, location(eg over water), traffic volumes and susceptibility to flooding and inundation or may result from concerns raised during routine maintenance. Thus the survey requirement for each structure will vary but the survey methods, intent, instrumentation, data presentation will be similar.